Solution Manual for Data Communications and Networking by Behrouz Forouzan

As one of the fastest growing technologies in our culture today, data communications and networking presents a unique challenge for instructors. As both the number and types of students are increasing, it is essential to have a textbook that provides coverage of the latest advances, while presenting the material in a way that is accessible to students with little or no background in the field. Using a bottom-up approach, Data Communications and Networking presents this highly technical subject matter without relying on complex formulas by using a strong pedagogical approach supported by more than 700 figures.Now in its Fourth Edition, this textbook brings the beginning student right to the forefront of the latest advances in the field, while presenting fundamentals in a clear, straightforward manner. Students will find better coverage, improved figures and better explanations on cutting-edge material.

Review: Data Communications and Networking (McGraw-Hill Forouzan Networking)

User Review  - Jayesh Naithani - Goodreads

Read this book recently as part of a graduate level introductory course on computer networks at the University of Saint Thomas in Saint Paul, Minnesota. The book covers the five layer TCP/IP protocol ... Read full review

Review: Data Communications Networking (McGraw-Hill Forouzan Networking)

User Review  - Joecolelife - Goodreads

A lot has changed in the networking area since I took a Computer Science course about the topic during my undergraduate days in the late '80s - wireless communications, Internet telephony, multimedia ... Read full review

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Data And Computer Communication By William Stallings

Chapter 1 - Introduction

Network World: Information and links to resources about data communications and networking
IETF Directory and Database: Maintains archives that relate to the Internet and IETF activities. Includes keyword-indexed library of RFCs and draft documents as well as many other documents related to the Internet and related protocols.
Vendors: Links to thousands of hardware and software vendors who currently have WWW sites, as well as a list of thousands of computer and networking companies in a Phone Directory.
IEEE Communications Society: Good way to keep up on conferences, publications, etc. Has an on-line copy of my article on IPv6, which updates material in the book.
ACM Special Interest Group on Communications (SIGCOMM): Good way to keep up on conferences, publications, etc
International Telecommunications Union: Contains a listing of ITU-T Recommendations, plus information on obtaining ITU-T documents in hard copy or on CD-ROM.
International Organization for Standardization: Contains a listing of ISO Standards, plus information on obtaining ISO documents in hard copy or on CD-ROM.
CommWeb: Links to Web pages of vendors, tutorials on technical topics, and other useful information.

Chapter 2 - Protocols and Architecture

Networking Links: Excellent collection of links related to TCP/IP.
OSI History: A brief history of the origins of the OSI model.

Chapter 4 - Transmission Media

Wireless Developer Network: News, tutorials, and discussions on wireless topics
Siemon Company: Good collection of technical articles on cabling, plus information about cabling standards..

Chapter 8 - Multiplexing

DSL Forum: Includes a FAQ and technical information about ADSL and other xDSL technology. Forum specifications.
Network Services and Integration Forum: Discusses current SONET products, technology, and standards.
SONET Home Page: Useful links, tutorials, white pages, FAQs.

Chapter 11 - ATM and Frame Relay

ATM Hot Links: Excellent collection of white papers and links.
ATM Forum: Leading the effort to expand the functionality of ATM networks.
Cell Relay Retreat: Contains archives of the cell-relay mailing list, links to numerous ATM-related documents, and links to many ATM-related web sites.
Frame Relay Forum: The Frame Relay Forum is leading the effort to expand the functionality of frame relay networks.

Chapter 13 - LAN Technology

Wireless LAN Association: Gives an introduction to the technology, including a discussion of implementation considerations, and case studies from users. Links to related sites.
IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee: Status and documents on all of the working groups.

Chapter 14 - LAN Systems

Ethernet: Provides general Ethernet information, technical specifications, an Ethernet reading list, and an image of inventor Robert Metcalf's original 1976 Ethernet drawing.
IEEE 802.3 10 Gbps Ethernet Task Force: This group is developing a 10-Gbps Ethernet standard. The Web site includes an email archive and the documentation developed so far.
Wi-Fi Alliance: An industry group promoting the interoperabiltiy of 802.11 products with each other and with Ethernet.
Fibre Channel Industry Association: An industry consortium.
Storage Network Industry Association: An industry forum of developers, integrators, and IT professionals who evolve and promote storage networking technology and solutions
CERN Fibre Channel homepage: Good source of info on Fibre Channel technology, products, etc.
LAN Interoperability Lab: University of New Hampshire (equipment testing for ATM, FDDI, Fast Ethernet, FDSE, Ethernet, OSPF, Network Management (SNMP), Token Ring, VG-AnyLAN).
10 Gigabit Ethernet Alliance: An open forum whose purpose is to promote industry cooperation in the development of 10 Gigabit Ethernet.

Chapter 15 - Internetwork Protocols

IPv6: Contains information about IPv6 and related topics.
IPv6 Information Page: Includes introductory material, news on recent IPv6 product developments, and related links.
IPv6 Forum: An industry consortium that promotes IPv6-related products. Includes a number of white papers and articles.

Chapter 16 - Internetwork Operation

RSVP Project: Home page for RSVP development.

Chapter 18 - Network Security

COAST: Comprehensive set of links to sites related to cryptography and network security.
IETF Security Area: Keep up to date on Internet security standardization efforts\
The Cryptography FAQ: Lengthy and worthwhile FAQ covering all aspects of cryptography.
Tom Dunigan's Security Page: An excellent list of pointers to cryptography and network security web sites.
IEEE Technical Committee on Security and Privacy: An excellent list of pointers to cryptography and network security web sites.

Chapter 19 - Distributed Applications

Simple Web Site: Maintained by the University of Twente. It is a good source of information on SNMP, including pointers to many public-domain implementations and lists of books and articles.
World Wide Web Consortium: Contains up-to-date information on HTTP, HTML, and URLs.
ASN.1 web site: contains tutorial information, links to software tools, ASN.1-based applications and products, and standards information..

Appendix A - ISDN and Broadband ISDN

ISDN Page: Information on ISDN tariffs, standards status, and links to vendors.

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CCNA E-Book

If you're serious about getting your CCNA certification and advancing your career in the field of internetworking, then here's the book you need. This Deluxe Edition of the best-selling CCNA: Cisco Certified Network Associate Study Guide provides:
* In-depth coverage of every exam objective
* Practical information on essential network configuration tasks
* Expert insight into real-world implementation of Cisco internetworking technologies
* Leading-edge exam preparation software, including the CCNA Virtual Lab, Gold Edition, as well as Sybex's custom test engine, electronic flashcards, and the entire book in PDF
Provides authoritative coverage of all exam objectives, including:
* Network planning & designing
* Implementation & operation
* LAN and WAN troubleshooting
* Communications technology

Introduction.

Assessment Test.

Chapter 1 Internetworking.

Chapter 2 Internet Protocols.

Chapter 3 IP Subnetting and Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM).

Chapter 4 Introduction to the Cisco IOS.

Chapter 5 IP Routing.

Chapter 6 Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF).

Chapter 7 Layer 2 Switching.

Chapter 8 Virtual LANs (VLANs).

Chapter 9 Managing a Cisco Internetwork.

Chapter 10 Managing Traffic with Access Lists.

Chapter 11 Wide Area Networking Protocols.

Appendix A Commands in This Study Guide.

Glossary.

Index.

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IP Addressing Tutorial

An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique identifier for a node or host connection on an IP network. An IP address is a 32 bit binary number usually represented as 4 decimal values, each representing 8 bits, in the range 0 to 255 (known as octets) separated by decimal points. This is known as "dotted decimal" notation.
Example: 140.179.220.200
It is sometimes useful to view the values in their binary form.

140     .179     .220     .200
10001100.10110011.11011100.11001000

Every IP address consists of two parts, one identifying the network and one identifying the node. The Class of the address and the subnet mask determine which part belongs to the network address and which part belongs to the node address.

Address Classes

There are 5 different address classes. You can determine which class any IP address is in by examining the first 4 bits of the IP address.

• Class A addresses begin with 0xxx, or 1 to 126 decimal.
• Class B addresses begin with 10xx, or 128 to 191 decimal.
• Class C addresses begin with 110x, or 192 to 223 decimal.
• Class D addresses begin with 1110, or 224 to 239 decimal.
• Class E addresses begin with 1111, or 240 to 254 decimal.

Addresses beginning with 01111111, or 127 decimal, are reserved for loopback and for internal testing on a local machine; [You can test this: you should always be able to ping 127.0.0.1, which points to yourself] Class D addresses are reserved for multicasting; Class E addresses are reserved for future use. They should not be used for host addresses.
Now we can see how the Class determines, by default, which part of the IP address belongs to the network (N, in blue) and which part belongs to the node (n, in red).

• Class A -- NNNNNNNN.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn
• Class B -- NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn
• Class C -- NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.nnnnnnnn

In the example, 140.179.220.200 is a Class B address so by default the Network part of the address (also known as the Network Address) is defined by the first two octets (140.179.x.x) and the node part is defined by the last 2 octets (x.x.220.200).
In order to specify the network address for a given IP address, the node section is set to all "0"s. In our example, 140.179.0.0 specifies the network address for 140.179.220.200. When the node section is set to all "1"s, it specifies a broadcast that is sent to all hosts on the network. 140.179.255.255 specifies the example broadcast address. Note that this is true regardless of the length of the node section.

Private Subnets

There are three IP network addresses reserved for private networks. The addresses are 10.0.0.0, Subnet Mask 255.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0, Subnet Mask 255.240.0.0, and 192.168.0.0, Subnet Mask 255.255.0.0. These addresses are also notated 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16; this notation will be explained later in this tutorial. They can be used by anyone setting up internal IP networks, such as a lab or home LAN behind a NAT or proxy server or a router. It is always safe to use these because routers on the Internet by default will never forward packets coming from these addresses. These addresses are defined in RFC 1918.

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Active Parallel Port on Windows XP

MASM for Windows 7 New- Serial Included

Easy Code for MASM is the visual assembly programming environment made to build 32-bit Windows applications. The interface for Easy Code for MASM looks like Visual Basic and will allow you to program a Windows assembler application in an easy way as was never possible before.

Easy Code for MASM is distributed with a setup program and includes the source code of a nice CD player, a complete and fast text editor in a dll file (to be able to program your own editor), a complete and excellent text editor ready to use, a file shredder, a MIDI player and many other applications.

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Parallel Port INterfacing System Files

The Problem

             Writing programs to talk with parallel port was pretty easy in old DOS days and in Win95/98 too. We could use Inporb and outportb or _inp() or _Outp functions in our program without any problem if we are running the program on DOS or WIN95/98. But entering to the new era of NT clone operating systems like WIN NT4, WIN2000, WINXP, all this simplicity goes away. Being interested in Parallel port interfacing and programming you might have experienced the problems in writing a program that can talk to parallel port successfully in NT based operating systems. When we are trying to run a program which is written using the conventional software functions like Inporb, outportb, _inp() or _Outp on a WINNT or WIN2000 system, it will show an error message that "The exception privileged instruction occurred in the application at location ....". The picture of such a messagebox is given below.

Staring to this messagebox, you might have been thinking.... "did i make a mistake in my program ?" it is working fine on WIN98 ... Who is guilty here. 'Nobody' that is the answer. Then why it is happening like this ..? The answer is in the next paragraph

                 Being a very secure operating system, Windows NT assigns some privileges and restrictions to different types of programs running on it.It classifies all the programs in to two categories , User mode and Kernel mode ie; running in ring3 and ring0 modes. user mode programs are running in ring3 mode and Kernel mode programs are running in ring0 mode. The programs you generally write falls in the user mode category. The user mode programs are restricted to use certain instructions like IN, OUT etc.. Whenever the operating system find that a user mode program is trying to execute such instructions , the operating system stops execution of those programs and will display an error message. Eventually our interfacing programs stops where they are executing IN or OUT instructions to read or write data to parallel port. But in the same time Kernel mode programs are in no way restricted in executing such instructions. Device drivers are capable of running in kernel mode. So the work around for the above stated problem is to write a kernel mode driver capable of reading and writing data to parallel port and let the user mode program to communicate with it. Writing a driver is not an easy job for even experienced programmers. But writing a simple driver for communicating with parallel port is a simple task when drivers like USB, sound card etc.. are concerned. Even though you get a working driver from somewhere else, installing and configuring it can be very cumbersome task.

The Solution

                 Introducing Inpout32.dll for WIN 98/NT/2000/XP. This dll have the following features

1. Works seam less with all versions of windows (WIN 98, NT, 200 and XP)
2. Using a kernel mode driver embedded in the dll
3. No special software or driver installation required
4. Driver will be automatically installed and configured automatically when the dll is loaded
5. No special APIs required only two functions Inp32 and Out32
6. Can be easily used with VC++ and VB
7. Functions are compatible with Jan Axelsons Inpout32.dll (available at www.lvr.com). So this dll can be used with the sample programs available with the book Parallel Port Complete, without any modification.

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How Inpout32.dll works ?

Tried the Inpout32.dll..? then Learn how Inpout32.dll does the things. This brief tutorial explains about the working of Inpout32.dll in simple steps, with the help of a flow chart. This could help you much if you want to modify the Inpout32 dll source code If you don't know what is Inpout32.dll, please read it here and then continue. How it works  The outstanding feature of Inpout32.dll is , it can work with all the windows versions without any modification in user code or the DLL itself. This tutorial describes how it is achieved, what programming methods used, what are the APIs used, etc.... The Dll will check the operating system version when functions are called, and if the operating system is WIN9X, the DLL will use _inp() and _outp functions for reading/writing the parallel port. On the other hand, if the operating system is WIN NT, 2000 or XP, it will install a kernel mode driver and talk to parallel port through that driver. The user code will not be aware of the OS version on which it is running. This DLL can be used in WIN NT clone operating systems as if it is WIN9X. The flow chart of the program is given below. The two important building blocks of this program are 1) A kernel mode device driver embedded in the DLL in binary form 2) The DLL itself Kernel mode driver Hwinterface.sys  The source code of Hwinterface.sys kernel mode driver is located in "kernel_mode_driver_source" directory. Where "hwinterfacedrv.c" is the main application source file. Three functions implemented in the driver are  1) DriverEntry() , Called when driver is loaded. Creates device object and symbolic links. 2) hwinterfaceUnload(), Called when driver is unloaded, performs clean up 3) hwinterfaceDeviceControl(), handles calls made through DeviceIOControl API. Performs reading writing to the parallel port according to the control code passed. The DLL Inpout32 The functions in the DLL are implemented in two source files, "inpout32drv.cpp" and "osversion.cpp". osversion.cpp checks the version of operating system. "inpout32drv.cpp" does installing the kernel mode driver, loading it , writing/ reading parallel port etc... The two functions exported from inpout32.dll are 1) Inp32(), reads data from a specified parallel port register. 2) Out32(), writes data to specified parallel port register. the other functions implemented in Inpout32.dll are  1) DllMain(), called when dll is loaded or unloaded. When the dll is loaded , it checks the OS version and loads hwinterface.sys if needed. 2) Closedriver(), close the opened driver handle. called before unloading the driver. 3) Opendriver(), open a handle to hwinterface driver. 4) inst() , Extract 'hwinterface.sys' from binary resource to 'systemroot\drivers' directory and creates a service. This function is called when 'Opendriver' function fails to open a valid handle to 'hwinterface' service. 5) start() , starts the hwinterface service using Service Control Manager APIs. 6) SystemVersion() Checks the OS version and returns appropriate code.