Tuesday, 6 December 2011
Saturday, 24 September 2011
ISA of IBM PC, Endiun Convention
ISA of IBM PC
•
The Processor
The processor is partitioned into two logical units: an Execution Unit (EU) and a Bus Interface Unit (BIU). The role of the EU is to execute instructions, whereas the BIU delivers instructions and data to the EU. The EU contains ALU, a control unit and a number of registers. These features provide for execution of instructions and arithmetic and logic operations. The BIU controls the buses that transfer data to the EU, to memory, and to I/O devices. It also manages segment registers and instruction queue. Segment registers control memory addressing and will be described shortly. Instructions fetched from main memory by BIU are placed in an instruction queue, which varies in size depending on the processor. This feature enables fetching of instructions in parallel with instruction execution and hence results in speeding up execution.
•
Memory Addressing
Depending on the machine, a processor can access one or more bytes from memory at a time. The number of bytes accessed simultaneously from main memory is called word length of machine. Generally, all machines are byte-addressable i.e.; every byte stored in memory has a unique address. However, word length of a machine is typically some integral multiple of a byte. Therefore, the address of a word must be the address of one of its constituting bytes. In this regard, one of the following methods of addressing may be used.
Big Endian:
The word address is taken as the address of the most significant byte in the word. MIPS, Apple Macintosh are some of the machines in this class.
Little Endian:
Here the word address is taken as the address of the least significant byte in the word. Intel’s machines are of this type. Consider for example, storing hex number 245A in main memory. The least significant byte 5A will be stored in low memory address and most significant byte 24 will be stored in high memory address.
Sunday, 19 June 2011
Monday, 13 June 2011
Mohammad Ali Mazidi Microcontroller Ebook
Introduction of "C Programming Language Training SCM 100 patients: simulation based on 8051 Proteus" tells the story: the first chapter with a brief chapters on the characteristics of 8051, applications, and Keil C language programming language programming in 8051 focused on the internal resources; second chapter describes Proteus entry operation; third ~ chapters were all cases of the microcontroller C programming; The third chapter is based on cases involving the C language based on part of some of the basic IO, interrupts and timers, serial port control mode DAC part numbers and so on; fourth chapter in the previous extension on the basis of the application programming peripheral hardware, including decoder, serial and conversion chips, memory, LCD screen in English, IIC, etc.; fifth chapter is a comprehensive design part, involves the application of some specific type of product design. Readers: "Microcontroller C Programming Language Training 100 cases: Based on the 8051 Proteus simulation" for computer science or electronics professional school students, especially students in vocational and technical schools, inadequate investment in school laboratories, electronic engineering technicians , and the community want to learn microcontroller technology but not purchase of laboratory equipment microcontroller hardware staff.
Directory:
Chapter 1 microcontroller based
1.1 SCM technology development
51 Series Microcontroller Architecture 1.2
1.2.1 Internal Structure
1.2.2 Memory Organization
l.2.3 internal function modules
l.2.4 external pin
1.2.5 Extended System Resources
1.3 Microcontroller Programming
Chapter 2 based on C language programming
2.1 Basic Concepts
2.1.1 Overview
2.1.2 Variables and Arithmetic Expressions
2.1.3 for statement
2.1.4 Symbolic Constants
2.2 Data types, operators and expressions
2.2.1 C language data types
2.2.2 Constants and Variables
2.2.3 Integers
2.2.4 Real data
2.2.5 Character Data
2.2.6 Operators
2.2.7 Expressions
2.3 Program control statements
2.3.1 The basic structure of the program 3
2.3.2 conditional control statements
2.3.3 Program Application examples
2.4 loop control statement
2.4.1 while statement
2.4.2 dowhile statement
2.4.3 for statement
2.4.4 break and continue statements
2.4.5 Program Application examples
2.5 Summary
Chapter 3 C high-level programming language
3.1 Functions and program structure
3.1.1 Function Basics
3.1.2 The function returns non-integer values
3.1.3 External Variables
3.1.4 Scope Rules
3.1.5 Header
3.1.6 Static variables
3.1.7 Register Variables
3.1.8 sub-program structure
3.1.9 Initialization
3.1.10 Recursive
3.2 Arrays
3.2.1 One-dimensional array
3.2.2 dimensional array
3.2.3 Multidimensional Arrays
3.2.4 Array Initialization
3.3 pointer
3.3.1 Pointer and pointer variables.
3.3.2 reference to a pointer variable and
3.3.3 Pointer Expressions and Pointer operators
3.3.4 Pointer and Array
3.3.5 the address pointer allocation
3.3.6 pointer array
3.3.7 pointer to a pointer
3.4 total body and union organizations
3.4.1 the definition of structure type variables and reference
3.4.2 Definition of an array of structures and references
3.4.3 Definition of structure pointers and references
3.4.4 union
3.5 Summary
Chapter 4 C51 Program
4.1 C51 extension of the standard C language
4.1.1 Storage Area
4.1.2 Classification of data variables
4.1.3 Memory Mode
Absolute Address Access 4.1.4
4.1.5 Pointer
4.1.6 Functions
4.2 C5 1 library
4.2.1 Character Functions CTYPE.H
4.2.2 General I / O function STDIO.H
4.2.3 String Functions STRING.H
4.2.4 standard function STDLIB.H
4.2.5 Mathematical Functions MATH.H
4.2.6 Absolute Address Access ABSACC.H
4.2.7 Internal functions INTRINS.H
4.2.8 variable parameter table STDARG.H
Jump SETJMPH 4.2.9 full
4.2.10 access to SFR and the SFR bit address REGxxx.H
4.3 C51 programming
4.3.1 C Program basic structure
4.3.2 write efficient procedures and Optimizer C51
Chapter 5 Windows Integrated Development Environment Vision2
5.1 Vision2 editing interface and its Function
5.1.1 Vision2 Interface Summary
5.1.2 Main Menu Bar
5.1.3 Vision2 function button
5.1.4 Vision2 windowing environment
Application development process 5.2 Introduction Vision2
5.2.1 Create a new project
5.2.2 Environment configuration used
5.2.3 Code Optimization
5.2.4 object code debugging
5.3 CPU simulation
5.3.1 Vision2 debugger
5.3.2 Debug commands
5.3.3 Memory Space
5.3.4 expressions (Expressions)
5.3.5 Skills
5.4 in-depth understanding of Vision2
5.4.1 Vision2 project management
5.4.2 Tips
5.4.3 Vision2 debugging functions
Chapter 6 C5l compiler
6.1 Pretreatment
6.1.1 Macro Definition
6.1.2 file contains
6.1.3 Conditional Compilation
6.1.4 Other pre-orders
6.2 C51 compiler control directives Detailed
6.2.1 Source control instructions
6.2.2 The list of control instructions
6.2.3 Target Control command
6.3 C5l the advanced configuration file
6.3.1 Target startup configuration file - STARTUP. A51.
6.3.2 CPU initialization file - START751. A51
6.3.3 static variable initialization file - INT. A51
6.3.4 Special variable initialization file - INIT751. A51
A typical Chapter 7 C51 programming resources
7.1 Interrupt System
7.2 Timer / Counter Use
7.3 I / O port to use
7.4 Expansion Memory
7.4.1 External ROM
7.4.2 External RAM
7.4.3 External Serial E2PROM
7.5 a complete routine using a variety of resources
7.5.1 Project Requirements
7.5.2 Background knowledge of the stepper motor
7.5.3 Solution Design and Implementation
Chapter 8 Communication Microcontroller
8.1 Serial Communication
8.1.1 Serial Communication Foundation
8.1.2 Chip Serial Use
SCM 8.2 point to point communication
8.2.1 Communication Interface
8.2.2 Point to Point Communication Program SCM
8.3 Single Chip Multiprocessor Communication
8.3.1 Design of the host part of the communication program
8.3.2 from the machine part of the Communication Program
8.4 MCU I2C bus communication
8.4.1 I2C bus introduced
8.4.2 I2C bus hardware interface design
8.4.3 I2C bus hardware interface software simulation
8.4.4 I2C bus system design features
8.5 Microcontroller and computer interconnection
8.5.1 Circuit Design
8.5.2 code circuit C5 1
8.5.3 Visual C computer code end
Chapter 9 Example C51 microcontroller project development
9.1 Microcontroller System Design
9.2 C51 system design knowledge
9.2.1 Knowledge of hardware and circuit
9.2.2 software, and knowledge of programming languages
9.3 C5l system design issues need attention
9.3.1 MCU resource allocation
9.3.2 Addressing the microcontroller
9.3.3 C5 1 return value
9.3.4 MCU watchdog
9.3.5 MCU peripherals
9.3.6 MCU power consumption
Some of the issues related to C51 9.4
9.5 Keyboard and LED digital display
9.5.1 Background and function of circuit design
9.5.2 Circuit Design
C51 9.5.3 keyboard code scanning circuit
9.5.4 Improvement of the circuit - keyboard jitter elimination procedure
9.5.5 shows the circuit part of the circuit-LED digital tube
9.6 A / D, D / A converter
9.6.1 Background and function of circuit design
9.6.2 Circuit Design
9.6.3 Circuit program code C51
Microcontroller-based Digital Clock 9.7
9.7.1 Background and function of circuit design
9.7.2 Circuit Design
9.7.3 Circuit program code C51
Chapter 10 C5l typical microcontroller module instance
External ROM and RAM 10.1 Typical use of the device
10.1.1 Example function
10.1.2 device and principle
10.1.3 Circuit
10.1.4 Programming
10.2 LCD display and driver instances
10.2.1 Example function
10.2.2 device and principle
10.2.3 Circuit
lO.2.4 Programming
10.3 with A / D chip voltage measurement
10.3.1 Example function
10.3.2 device and principle
10.3.3 Circuit
10.3.4 Programming
lO.4 used for temperature compensation and measurement DSl820
10.4.1 Example function
10.4.2 device and principle
10.4.3 Circuit
10.4.4 Programming
10.5 voice chip used in the SCM system
10.5.1 Example function
10.5.2 device and principle
10.5.3 Circuit
10.5.4 Programming
10.6 clock chip microcontroller system
10.6.1 Example function
10.6.2 device and principle
10.6.3 Circuit
10.6.4 Programming
10.7 Implementation of SCM in the filtering algorithm
10.8 FFT transform signal data
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Directory:
Chapter 1 microcontroller based
1.1 SCM technology development
51 Series Microcontroller Architecture 1.2
1.2.1 Internal Structure
1.2.2 Memory Organization
l.2.3 internal function modules
l.2.4 external pin
1.2.5 Extended System Resources
1.3 Microcontroller Programming
Chapter 2 based on C language programming
2.1 Basic Concepts
2.1.1 Overview
2.1.2 Variables and Arithmetic Expressions
2.1.3 for statement
2.1.4 Symbolic Constants
2.2 Data types, operators and expressions
2.2.1 C language data types
2.2.2 Constants and Variables
2.2.3 Integers
2.2.4 Real data
2.2.5 Character Data
2.2.6 Operators
2.2.7 Expressions
2.3 Program control statements
2.3.1 The basic structure of the program 3
2.3.2 conditional control statements
2.3.3 Program Application examples
2.4 loop control statement
2.4.1 while statement
2.4.2 dowhile statement
2.4.3 for statement
2.4.4 break and continue statements
2.4.5 Program Application examples
2.5 Summary
Chapter 3 C high-level programming language
3.1 Functions and program structure
3.1.1 Function Basics
3.1.2 The function returns non-integer values
3.1.3 External Variables
3.1.4 Scope Rules
3.1.5 Header
3.1.6 Static variables
3.1.7 Register Variables
3.1.8 sub-program structure
3.1.9 Initialization
3.1.10 Recursive
3.2 Arrays
3.2.1 One-dimensional array
3.2.2 dimensional array
3.2.3 Multidimensional Arrays
3.2.4 Array Initialization
3.3 pointer
3.3.1 Pointer and pointer variables.
3.3.2 reference to a pointer variable and
3.3.3 Pointer Expressions and Pointer operators
3.3.4 Pointer and Array
3.3.5 the address pointer allocation
3.3.6 pointer array
3.3.7 pointer to a pointer
3.4 total body and union organizations
3.4.1 the definition of structure type variables and reference
3.4.2 Definition of an array of structures and references
3.4.3 Definition of structure pointers and references
3.4.4 union
3.5 Summary
Chapter 4 C51 Program
4.1 C51 extension of the standard C language
4.1.1 Storage Area
4.1.2 Classification of data variables
4.1.3 Memory Mode
Absolute Address Access 4.1.4
4.1.5 Pointer
4.1.6 Functions
4.2 C5 1 library
4.2.1 Character Functions CTYPE.H
4.2.2 General I / O function STDIO.H
4.2.3 String Functions STRING.H
4.2.4 standard function STDLIB.H
4.2.5 Mathematical Functions MATH.H
4.2.6 Absolute Address Access ABSACC.H
4.2.7 Internal functions INTRINS.H
4.2.8 variable parameter table STDARG.H
Jump SETJMPH 4.2.9 full
4.2.10 access to SFR and the SFR bit address REGxxx.H
4.3 C51 programming
4.3.1 C Program basic structure
4.3.2 write efficient procedures and Optimizer C51
Chapter 5 Windows Integrated Development Environment Vision2
5.1 Vision2 editing interface and its Function
5.1.1 Vision2 Interface Summary
5.1.2 Main Menu Bar
5.1.3 Vision2 function button
5.1.4 Vision2 windowing environment
Application development process 5.2 Introduction Vision2
5.2.1 Create a new project
5.2.2 Environment configuration used
5.2.3 Code Optimization
5.2.4 object code debugging
5.3 CPU simulation
5.3.1 Vision2 debugger
5.3.2 Debug commands
5.3.3 Memory Space
5.3.4 expressions (Expressions)
5.3.5 Skills
5.4 in-depth understanding of Vision2
5.4.1 Vision2 project management
5.4.2 Tips
5.4.3 Vision2 debugging functions
Chapter 6 C5l compiler
6.1 Pretreatment
6.1.1 Macro Definition
6.1.2 file contains
6.1.3 Conditional Compilation
6.1.4 Other pre-orders
6.2 C51 compiler control directives Detailed
6.2.1 Source control instructions
6.2.2 The list of control instructions
6.2.3 Target Control command
6.3 C5l the advanced configuration file
6.3.1 Target startup configuration file - STARTUP. A51.
6.3.2 CPU initialization file - START751. A51
6.3.3 static variable initialization file - INT. A51
6.3.4 Special variable initialization file - INIT751. A51
A typical Chapter 7 C51 programming resources
7.1 Interrupt System
7.2 Timer / Counter Use
7.3 I / O port to use
7.4 Expansion Memory
7.4.1 External ROM
7.4.2 External RAM
7.4.3 External Serial E2PROM
7.5 a complete routine using a variety of resources
7.5.1 Project Requirements
7.5.2 Background knowledge of the stepper motor
7.5.3 Solution Design and Implementation
Chapter 8 Communication Microcontroller
8.1 Serial Communication
8.1.1 Serial Communication Foundation
8.1.2 Chip Serial Use
SCM 8.2 point to point communication
8.2.1 Communication Interface
8.2.2 Point to Point Communication Program SCM
8.3 Single Chip Multiprocessor Communication
8.3.1 Design of the host part of the communication program
8.3.2 from the machine part of the Communication Program
8.4 MCU I2C bus communication
8.4.1 I2C bus introduced
8.4.2 I2C bus hardware interface design
8.4.3 I2C bus hardware interface software simulation
8.4.4 I2C bus system design features
8.5 Microcontroller and computer interconnection
8.5.1 Circuit Design
8.5.2 code circuit C5 1
8.5.3 Visual C computer code end
Chapter 9 Example C51 microcontroller project development
9.1 Microcontroller System Design
9.2 C51 system design knowledge
9.2.1 Knowledge of hardware and circuit
9.2.2 software, and knowledge of programming languages
9.3 C5l system design issues need attention
9.3.1 MCU resource allocation
9.3.2 Addressing the microcontroller
9.3.3 C5 1 return value
9.3.4 MCU watchdog
9.3.5 MCU peripherals
9.3.6 MCU power consumption
Some of the issues related to C51 9.4
9.5 Keyboard and LED digital display
9.5.1 Background and function of circuit design
9.5.2 Circuit Design
C51 9.5.3 keyboard code scanning circuit
9.5.4 Improvement of the circuit - keyboard jitter elimination procedure
9.5.5 shows the circuit part of the circuit-LED digital tube
9.6 A / D, D / A converter
9.6.1 Background and function of circuit design
9.6.2 Circuit Design
9.6.3 Circuit program code C51
Microcontroller-based Digital Clock 9.7
9.7.1 Background and function of circuit design
9.7.2 Circuit Design
9.7.3 Circuit program code C51
Chapter 10 C5l typical microcontroller module instance
External ROM and RAM 10.1 Typical use of the device
10.1.1 Example function
10.1.2 device and principle
10.1.3 Circuit
10.1.4 Programming
10.2 LCD display and driver instances
10.2.1 Example function
10.2.2 device and principle
10.2.3 Circuit
lO.2.4 Programming
10.3 with A / D chip voltage measurement
10.3.1 Example function
10.3.2 device and principle
10.3.3 Circuit
10.3.4 Programming
lO.4 used for temperature compensation and measurement DSl820
10.4.1 Example function
10.4.2 device and principle
10.4.3 Circuit
10.4.4 Programming
10.5 voice chip used in the SCM system
10.5.1 Example function
10.5.2 device and principle
10.5.3 Circuit
10.5.4 Programming
10.6 clock chip microcontroller system
10.6.1 Example function
10.6.2 device and principle
10.6.3 Circuit
10.6.4 Programming
10.7 Implementation of SCM in the filtering algorithm
10.8 FFT transform signal data
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Thursday, 26 May 2011
Solution Manual for Data Communications and Networking by Behrouz Forouzan
As one of the fastest growing technologies in our culture today, data communications and networking presents a unique challenge for instructors. As both the number and types of students are increasing, it is essential to have a textbook that provides coverage of the latest advances, while presenting the material in a way that is accessible to students with little or no background in the field. Using a bottom-up approach, Data Communications and Networking presents this highly technical subject matter without relying on complex formulas by using a strong pedagogical approach supported by more than 700 figures.Now in its Fourth Edition, this textbook brings the beginning student right to the forefront of the latest advances in the field, while presenting fundamentals in a clear, straightforward manner. Students will find better coverage, improved figures and better explanations on cutting-edge material.
Review: Data Communications and Networking (McGraw-Hill Forouzan Networking)
User Review - Jayesh Naithani - GoodreadsRead this book recently as part of a graduate level introductory course on computer networks at the University of Saint Thomas in Saint Paul, Minnesota. The book covers the five layer TCP/IP protocol ... Read full review
Review: Data Communications Networking (McGraw-Hill Forouzan Networking)
User Review - Joecolelife - GoodreadsA lot has changed in the networking area since I took a Computer Science course about the topic during my undergraduate days in the late '80s - wireless communications, Internet telephony, multimedia ... Read full review
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Data And Computer Communication By William Stallings
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Network World: Information and links to resources about data communications and networkingIETF Directory and Database: Maintains archives that relate to the Internet and IETF activities. Includes keyword-indexed library of RFCs and draft documents as well as many other documents related to the Internet and related protocols.Vendors: Links to thousands of hardware and software vendors who currently have WWW sites, as well as a list of thousands of computer and networking companies in a Phone Directory.IEEE Communications Society: Good way to keep up on conferences, publications, etc. Has an on-line copy of my article on IPv6, which updates material in the book.ACM Special Interest Group on Communications (SIGCOMM): Good way to keep up on conferences, publications, etcInternational Telecommunications Union: Contains a listing of ITU-T Recommendations, plus information on obtaining ITU-T documents in hard copy or on CD-ROM.International Organization for Standardization: Contains a listing of ISO Standards, plus information on obtaining ISO documents in hard copy or on CD-ROM.CommWeb: Links to Web pages of vendors, tutorials on technical topics, and other useful information.Chapter 2 - Protocols and Architecture
Networking Links: Excellent collection of links related to TCP/IP.OSI History: A brief history of the origins of the OSI model.Chapter 4 - Transmission Media
Wireless Developer Network: News, tutorials, and discussions on wireless topics
Siemon Company: Good collection of technical articles on cabling, plus information about cabling standards..Chapter 8 - Multiplexing
DSL Forum: Includes a FAQ and technical information about ADSL and other xDSL technology. Forum specifications.Network Services and Integration Forum: Discusses current SONET products, technology, and standards.SONET Home Page: Useful links, tutorials, white pages, FAQs.Chapter 11 - ATM and Frame Relay
ATM Hot Links: Excellent collection of white papers and links.ATM Forum: Leading the effort to expand the functionality of ATM networks.Cell Relay Retreat: Contains archives of the cell-relay mailing list, links to numerous ATM-related documents, and links to many ATM-related web sites.Frame Relay Forum: The Frame Relay Forum is leading the effort to expand the functionality of frame relay networks.Chapter 13 - LAN Technology
Wireless LAN Association: Gives an introduction to the technology, including a discussion of implementation considerations, and case studies from users. Links to related sites.IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee: Status and documents on all of the working groups.Chapter 14 - LAN Systems
Ethernet: Provides general Ethernet information, technical specifications, an Ethernet reading list, and an image of inventor Robert Metcalf's original 1976 Ethernet drawing.IEEE 802.3 10 Gbps Ethernet Task Force: This group is developing a 10-Gbps Ethernet standard. The Web site includes an email archive and the documentation developed so far.Wi-Fi Alliance: An industry group promoting the interoperabiltiy of 802.11 products with each other and with Ethernet.Fibre Channel Industry Association: An industry consortium.Storage Network Industry Association: An industry forum of developers, integrators, and IT professionals who evolve and promote storage networking technology and solutionsCERN Fibre Channel homepage: Good source of info on Fibre Channel technology, products, etc.LAN Interoperability Lab: University of New Hampshire (equipment testing for ATM, FDDI, Fast Ethernet, FDSE, Ethernet, OSPF, Network Management (SNMP), Token Ring, VG-AnyLAN).10 Gigabit Ethernet Alliance: An open forum whose purpose is to promote industry cooperation in the development of 10 Gigabit Ethernet.Chapter 15 - Internetwork Protocols
IPv6: Contains information about IPv6 and related topics.IPv6 Information Page: Includes introductory material, news on recent IPv6 product developments, and related links.IPv6 Forum: An industry consortium that promotes IPv6-related products. Includes a number of white papers and articles.Chapter 16 - Internetwork Operation
RSVP Project: Home page for RSVP development.Chapter 18 - Network Security
COAST: Comprehensive set of links to sites related to cryptography and network security.IETF Security Area: Keep up to date on Internet security standardization efforts\The Cryptography FAQ: Lengthy and worthwhile FAQ covering all aspects of cryptography.Tom Dunigan's Security Page: An excellent list of pointers to cryptography and network security web sites.IEEE Technical Committee on Security and Privacy: An excellent list of pointers to cryptography and network security web sites.Chapter 19 - Distributed Applications
Simple Web Site: Maintained by the University of Twente. It is a good source of information on SNMP, including pointers to many public-domain implementations and lists of books and articles.World Wide Web Consortium: Contains up-to-date information on HTTP, HTML, and URLs.ASN.1 web site: contains tutorial information, links to software tools, ASN.1-based applications and products, and standards information..Appendix A - ISDN and Broadband ISDN
ISDN Page: Information on ISDN tariffs, standards status, and links to vendors.DOWNLOAD
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Saturday, 21 May 2011
CCNA E-Book
If you're serious about getting your CCNA certification and advancing your career in the field of internetworking, then here's the book you need. This Deluxe Edition of the best-selling CCNA: Cisco Certified Network Associate Study Guide provides:
* In-depth coverage of every exam objective
* Practical information on essential network configuration tasks
* Expert insight into real-world implementation of Cisco internetworking technologies
* Leading-edge exam preparation software, including the CCNA Virtual Lab, Gold Edition, as well as Sybex's custom test engine, electronic flashcards, and the entire book in PDF
Provides authoritative coverage of all exam objectives, including:
* Network planning & designing
* Implementation & operation
* LAN and WAN troubleshooting
* Communications technology
Introduction.
Assessment Test.
Chapter 1 Internetworking.
Chapter 2 Internet Protocols.
Chapter 3 IP Subnetting and Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM).
Chapter 4 Introduction to the Cisco IOS.
Chapter 5 IP Routing.
Chapter 6 Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF).
Chapter 7 Layer 2 Switching.
Chapter 8 Virtual LANs (VLANs).
Chapter 9 Managing a Cisco Internetwork.
Chapter 10 Managing Traffic with Access Lists.
Chapter 11 Wide Area Networking Protocols.
Appendix A Commands in This Study Guide.
Glossary.
Index.
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http://www.mediafire.com/?4zlezmv1lu3wg31IP Addressing Tutorial
An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique identifier for a node or host connection on an IP network. An IP address is a 32 bit binary number usually represented as 4 decimal values, each representing 8 bits, in the range 0 to 255 (known as octets) separated by decimal points. This is known as "dotted decimal" notation.
Example: 140.179.220.200
It is sometimes useful to view the values in their binary form.
Now we can see how the Class determines, by default, which part of the IP address belongs to the network (N, in blue) and which part belongs to the node (n, in red).
In order to specify the network address for a given IP address, the node section is set to all "0"s. In our example, 140.179.0.0 specifies the network address for 140.179.220.200. When the node section is set to all "1"s, it specifies a broadcast that is sent to all hosts on the network. 140.179.255.255 specifies the example broadcast address. Note that this is true regardless of the length of the node section.
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Example: 140.179.220.200
It is sometimes useful to view the values in their binary form.
140 .179 .220 .200 10001100.10110011.11011100.11001000Every IP address consists of two parts, one identifying the network and one identifying the node. The Class of the address and the subnet mask determine which part belongs to the network address and which part belongs to the node address.
Address Classes
There are 5 different address classes. You can determine which class any IP address is in by examining the first 4 bits of the IP address.- Class A addresses begin with 0xxx, or 1 to 126 decimal.
- Class B addresses begin with 10xx, or 128 to 191 decimal.
- Class C addresses begin with 110x, or 192 to 223 decimal.
- Class D addresses begin with 1110, or 224 to 239 decimal.
- Class E addresses begin with 1111, or 240 to 254 decimal.
Now we can see how the Class determines, by default, which part of the IP address belongs to the network (N, in blue) and which part belongs to the node (n, in red).
- Class A -- NNNNNNNN.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn
- Class B -- NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn
- Class C -- NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.nnnnnnnn
In order to specify the network address for a given IP address, the node section is set to all "0"s. In our example, 140.179.0.0 specifies the network address for 140.179.220.200. When the node section is set to all "1"s, it specifies a broadcast that is sent to all hosts on the network. 140.179.255.255 specifies the example broadcast address. Note that this is true regardless of the length of the node section.
Private Subnets
There are three IP network addresses reserved for private networks. The addresses are 10.0.0.0, Subnet Mask 255.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0, Subnet Mask 255.240.0.0, and 192.168.0.0, Subnet Mask 255.255.0.0. These addresses are also notated 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16; this notation will be explained later in this tutorial. They can be used by anyone setting up internal IP networks, such as a lab or home LAN behind a NAT or proxy server or a router. It is always safe to use these because routers on the Internet by default will never forward packets coming from these addresses. These addresses are defined in RFC 1918.DOWNLOAD Complete Tutorial
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Friday, 13 May 2011
Sunday, 8 May 2011
MASM for Windows 7 New- Serial Included
Easy Code for MASM is the visual assembly programming environment made to build 32-bit Windows applications. The interface for Easy Code for MASM looks like Visual Basic and will allow you to program a Windows assembler application in an easy way as was never possible before.
Easy Code for MASM is distributed with a setup program and includes the source code of a nice CD player, a complete and fast text editor in a dll file (to be able to program your own editor), a complete and excellent text editor ready to use, a file shredder, a MIDI player and many other applications.
Easy Code for MASM is distributed with a setup program and includes the source code of a nice CD player, a complete and fast text editor in a dll file (to be able to program your own editor), a complete and excellent text editor ready to use, a file shredder, a MIDI player and many other applications.
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